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Key Equations

Key Equations

22.1 The Structure of the Atom

energy of hydrogen electron in an orbital E n =− 13.6eV n 2 (n=1,2,3,...) E n =− 13.6eV n 2 (n=1,2,3,...)
energy of any hydrogen-like electron in orbital E n = Z 2 n 2 E o ( n=1,2,3,... ) E n = Z 2 n 2 E o ( n=1,2,3,... )
wavelength of light emitted by an electron changing states 1 λ =R( 1 n f 2 − 1 n i 2 ) 1 λ =R( 1 n f 2 − 1 n i 2 )
wavelength of an orbital n λ n =2π r n ( n=1,2,3,... ) n λ n =2π r n ( n=1,2,3,... )
heisenberg’s uncertainty principle ΔxΔp≥ h 4π ΔxΔp≥ h 4π

22.2 Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity

alpha decay equation X Z A N → Y Z−2 A−4 N + H 2 4 e X Z A N → Y Z−2 A−4 N + H 2 4 e
beta decay equation X Z A N → Y Z+1 A N−1 +e+v X Z A N → Y Z+1 A N−1 +e+v
gamma decay equation X Z A N → X N +γ X Z A N → X N +γ

22.3 Half Life and Radiometric Dating

radioactive half-life N= N O e −λt N= N O e −λt

22.4 Nuclear Fission and Fusion

energy–mass conversion E=m c 2 E=m c 2
proton-proton chain 2e− +  4 1 H → 4He + 2 v e + 6γ 2e− +  4 1 H → 4He + 2 v e + 6γ

22.5 Medical Applications of Radioactivity: Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation

roentgen equivalent man rem=rad×RBE rem=rad×RBE