________ is the process by which an organism's sex is determined by its chromosomes, such as the XY system in mammals, where the presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers male development.
________ is a condition where females have only one X chromosome, leading to various developmental and physiological effects, including reduced hippocampal volume.
4.
________ such as DNA methylation and histone modification can influence how steroid hormones imprint on the developing brain, leading to lasting differences in adult physiology and behavior between the sexes.
________ like testosterone and estrogen are derived from cholesterol and are fat-soluble, allowing them to penetrate cell membranes and exert their effects on target tissues.
6.
Besides neurons, ________ in the brain can contribute to sex-biased susceptibilities to psychiatric disorders by exhibiting sex-dependent structural and functional differences.