Key Terms
- angiogenesis
- new blood vessel development
- antioxidant
- artificial or natural substances that may prevent or delay some types of cell damage
- citric acid cycle
- final oxidation of protein, fat, and carbohydrate
- coenzyme
- a non-protein compound that binds with an enzyme to speed up a cellular reaction
- Daily Value
- one value for each nutrient selected for the labels of dietary supplements and foods
- Daily Values
- a list of the vitamins and minerals that an individual should consume each day
- fat-soluble vitamins
- vitamins that are absorbed along with fats in the diet and are stored in the body’s fatty tissue and liver
- food enrichment
- the practice of adding back nutrients that were lost in food processing
- food fortification
- the practice of intentionally increasing the content of one or more micronutrients (i.e., vitamins and minerals)
- free radicals
- a type of unstable molecule that is made during normal cell metabolism
- goiter
- an increase in thyroid size resulting from either iodine deficiency or hyperthyroidism
- Hartnup disease
- a condition caused by the body’s inability to absorb amino acids from the diet resulting in the inability to produce vitamins and proteins
- megaloblastic anemia
- a condition involving a vitamin B12 and/or folate deficiency in which the bone marrow produces very large, structurally abnormal red blood cells
- osteoporosis
- loss of bone density resulting in porous, fragile bone
- oxidation
- a chemical reaction in which a “healthy” molecule loses or is robbed of one of its electrons, producing an unhealthy free radical
- percent Daily Value
- the contribution of a vitamin or mineral in a food portion based on the standard benchmark of a total daily 2,000-calorie diet
- Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
- average daily nutrient intake level necessary to meet the bodily requirements of nearly all (97–98%) healthy individuals
- rickets
- softening of the bone due to vitamin D deficiency resulting in bowed legs
- toxicity
- side effects from taking large doses of supplements or medications
- vitamins
- nutrients the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy
- water-soluble vitamins
- vitamins that dissolve in water