Key Equations

Momentum of a charged particle in a cyclotron	$p = 0.3 B r$
Center-of-mass energy of a colliding beam machine	$W^{2} = 2 [E_{1} E_{2} + (p_{1} c) (p_{2} c)] + {(m_{1} c^{2})}^{2} + {(m_{2} c^{2})}^{2}$
Approximate time for exchange of a virtual particle between two other particles	$Δ t = \frac{h}{E}$
Hubble’s law	$v = H_{0} d$
Cosmological space-time metric	$d s^{2} = c^{2} d t^{2} - a {(t)}^{2} d Σ^{2}$