Review Questions
8.1 The Fact-Value Distinction
1
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What is the fact-value distinction?
2
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How are evaluative claims different from descriptive claims?
3
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How does Hume describe the is-ought problem?
4
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Why does Moore object to the naturalistic fallacy?
5
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Why do moral realists object to the fact-value distinction?
6
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How does ethical naturalism argue for moral objectivity?
8.2 Basic Questions about Values
7
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What is an intrinsic value?
8
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What is an extrinsic value?
9
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What is monism? Why would someone argue for this position?
10
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What is pluralism? Why would someone argue for this position?
11
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What is incommensurability? Why would it lead to pluralism?
12
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What is moral relativism?
8.3 Metaethics
13
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What does “ontology of value” mean?
14
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What does moral realism argue?
15
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What does moral anti-realism argue?
16
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How does the concept of God serve as a possible foundation for morality? How does religion serve as a possible foundation for morality?
17
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What is the Euthyphro problem? How is it related to divine command theory?
18
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How does nature serve as a possible foundation for morality and moral reasoning?
19
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What is feminist care ethics?
20
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What is Kant’s categorical imperative? How does it use reason to establish morality?
8.4 Well-Being
21
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What is hedonism, and how is it used to philosophize about well-being?
22
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What is Epicurus’s concept of pleasure?
23
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How do utilitarians determine what is valuable?
24
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What is Nozick’s experience machine, and how does it help you think about the limitations of hedonism?
25
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What is satisfactionism? Why is it important to consider informed desire?
26
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How do objective goods like knowledge, virtue, and friendship contribute to well-being?
27
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What is eudaimonia? How did Anscombe revive eudaimonism?
28
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What is Kant’s “kingdom of ends”?
29
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What is ikigai, and how is it distinct from hedonistic well-being?
8.5 Aesthetics
30
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What is Plato’s concept of beauty? Why does it make sense within the ancient Greek art world?
31
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What is Hume’s concept of beauty?
32
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What is Kant’s concept of aesthetic judgment?
33
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According to Sibley, how do people justify aesthetic judgments?
34
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What is the intentional fallacy? Why is limiting the meaning of a work of art to the artist’s intention a problem?
35
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How is art related to environmentalism?
36
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How does feminism use art?
37
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What is everyday aesthetics? How is it related to Japanese aesthetics?