What is the difference between a policy and a mechanism? Please give examples to illustrate your explanation.

How are the compiler, OS, and CPU ISA coordinated? What are all the code modules, where do they exist, and how do they cooperate?

Give an example of an OS that uses a layered design.

What alternatives to monolithic OS design have been tried?

Explain in detail how caching relates to the use of virtual memory.

Explain how virtual memory became a key component of the operating system.

Explain in detail the file system’s higher-level services.

Explain how the file versioning will help the user and the system.

Explain the difference between authentication, authorization, and access control. Are there any other types of security protections you would want an OS to provide when using software applications?