legal protection extended by one country to citizens of another.
chain migration
the process of sequential migration from the same community of origin.
circular migration
repeated pattern of movement between locations, usually associated with work.
cultural hybridity
the exchange and innovation within cultures that is a product of migration and globalization.
diaspora
the movement and dispersal of large ethnic groups from their homelands because of warfare, institutionalized violence, or opportunity (usually education or employment).
displacement
migration due to persecution, conflict, or violence; involves refugees and those seeking asylum.
environmental migration
displacement caused by natural disasters, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, or droughts.
epidemic
a disease that spreads more than expected among a given group of people.
forced labor
the recruitment, transportation, transfer, and/or harboring of persons by means of threat or use of force or coercion for the purpose of financial exploitation.
forced migration
migration due to persecution, conflict, or violence; involves refugees and those seeking asylum.
human trafficking
the recruitment, transportation, transfer, and/or harboring of persons by means of threat or use of force or coercion for the purpose of exploitation. A form of modern slavery.
immigrant
an individual who moves permanently from one country to another.
internal migration
the domestic movement of people from rural to urban areas.
labor migration
the movement of people for the purpose of employment and/or economic stability.
migrant
a person who moves from their place of origin to reestablish a household.
migration
movement from one place to another that reestablishes a household, whether temporarily or permanently.
modern slavery
the recruitment, transportation, transfer, and/or harboring of persons by means of threat or use of force or coercion for the purpose of exploitation.
pandemic
an outbreak of a disease over a broad area.
peasants
a rural, subsistence-based agricultural class with limited landholdings.
postcolonialism
enduring politico-economic relationships between former colonizers and their former colonies that continue to have negative effects on the former colonies after independence.
remittances
transfers of money from workers back to their home countries, usually for their families.
transnationalism
the construction of social, economic, and political networks that originate in one country and then cross or transcend nation-state boundaries.