Key Equations

% X = \frac{mass X}{mass compound} \times 100 %

\frac{molecular or molar mass (amu or \frac{g}{mol})}{empirical formula mass (amu or \frac{g}{mol})} = n formula units/molecule

(A_xB_y)_n = A_nxB_ny

M = \frac{mol solute}{L solution}

C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

Percent by mass = \frac{mass of solute}{mass of solution} \times 100

ppm = \frac{mass solute}{mass solution} \times 10^{6} ppm

ppb = \frac{mass solute}{mass solution} \times 10^{9} ppb