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Astronomy

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Contents

Preface
Chapter 1 Science and the Universe: A Brief Tour
Chapter 2 Observing the Sky: The Birth of Astronomy
Chapter 3 Orbits and Gravity
Chapter 4 Earth, Moon, and Sky
Chapter 5 Radiation and Spectra
Chapter 6 Astronomical Instruments
Chapter 7 Other Worlds: An Introduction to the Solar System
Chapter 8 Earth as a Planet
Chapter 9 Cratered Worlds
Chapter 10 Earthlike Planets: Venus and Mars
Chapter 11 The Giant Planets
Chapter 12 Rings, Moons, and Pluto
Chapter 13 Comets and Asteroids: Debris of the Solar System
Chapter 14 Cosmic Samples and the Origin of the Solar System
Chapter 15 The Sun: A Garden-Variety Star
Chapter 16 The Sun: A Nuclear Powerhouse
Chapter 17 Analyzing Starlight
Chapter 18 The Stars: A Celestial Census
Chapter 19 Celestial Distances
Chapter 20 Between the Stars: Gas and Dust in Space
Chapter 21 The Birth of Stars and the Discovery of Planets outside the Solar System
Chapter 22 Stars from Adolescence to Old Age
Chapter 23 The Death of Stars
Chapter 24 Black Holes and Curved Spacetime
Chapter 25 The Milky Way Galaxy
Chapter 26 Galaxies
Chapter 27 Active Galaxies, Quasars, and Supermassive Black Holes
Chapter 28 The Evolution and Distribution of Galaxies
Chapter 29 The Big Bang
Chapter 30 Life in the Universe
Appendix A How to Study for an Introductory Astronomy Class
Appendix B Astronomy Websites, Images, and Apps
Appendix C Scientific Notation
Appendix D Units Used in Science
Appendix E Some Useful Constants for Astronomy
Appendix F Physical and Orbital Data for the Planets
Appendix G Selected Moons of the Planets
Appendix H Future Total Eclipses
Appendix I The Nearest Stars, Brown Dwarfs, and White Dwarfs
Appendix J The Brightest Twenty Stars
Appendix K The Chemical Elements
Appendix L The Constellations
Appendix M Star Chart and Sky Event Resources
Index

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Chapter 10 Earthlike Planets: Venus and Mars

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Chapter 10 Earthlike Planets: Venus and Mars

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